Case study of the hybrid vehicle

Case study of the loan-blend fomiteAlternative fires be elicit that other than constituted fuel (fossil fuels or nuclear materials) employ in energy-generated combustion such as biodiesel, atomic number 1 fuel, chemically stored electricity ( crossing), biomass and so on. Now in that location be many type of alternative transportation fuel in market. One of it is found out to be the hydrogen however it is too expensive. So, instead, the political machine industry is embracing the idea of loanblend theory which switches mingled with petrol and electricity.A crossing vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more(prenominal) distinct business leader sources to move the vehicle. Normally, such vehicles are personneled by a combination of 2 energy sources electricity and conventional fuel which represent combine a conventional ground propulsion system with an on-board chargeable energy storage system (RESS) to achieve better fuel economy in automobiles. However, convent ional vehicle like a bombardment electric vehicle without being hampered by range from a charging unit uses batteries charged by an external source. The unlike propulsion power systems may have common subsystems or components.The major advantage of hybridization motorcar over electric car is that the battery is recharge not from an external socket just now from the vehicles squander-powered generator and from kinetic energy generated when the brakes are applied. The hybrid vehicle able to achieve greater fuel efficiency and lower sack than conventional inwrought combustion locomotive engine vehicle (ICEV) takeing in less emission being generated. So, it contributes a lot to the environmental concern, as it reduces green category gasses, carbon emission. Besides, this lavishly-tech low-emission vehicle put forward get over 60 miles/gallon (mpg), offering significant saving on fuel cost. In short, it is a better transportation choice for the sustainable development in fu ture.Type of hybrid vehicleThe galvanic machine is intentional to move onle transient power variations and helps the engine to operate more constantly such that higher efficiency and lower tailpipe emissions can achieve. Many type of hybrid system exist in the engineering conceptual framework. Now many of them applied in the vehicle engine system. The following listed down few types of hybrid vehicle1. Series hybrid vehiclesIn a series hybrid vehicle, the internal combustion engine is not directly connected to the jab develop at all rather it powers an electrical generator instead. The advantage of this type of hybrid is the flexibility afforded by the lack of a mechanical link between the internal combustion engine and the wheels. Whilst, weakness of this system is that it require separate ram and generator portions which can be combined in some analog hybrid engines the combined efficiency of the motor and generator willing be lower than that of a conventional transmissio n thereby offsetting the efficiency gains that magnate differently be realized.2. Parallel markIn a parallel hybrid the electric motor and the internal combustion engine are installed so that they can both individually or together power the vehicle (Wikipedia, 2010). They can be sub classified on the bases of the ratio of contribution to the motive power of the different component or portion. Most designs combine a large electrical generator and a motor into one unit often situated between the internal combustion engine and the transmission replacing both the conventional starter motor and the alternator (Michael).3. Hybrid electric-pet positionum vehiclesA petroleum-electric hybrid normally uses internal combustion engines (gasoline or Diesel engines, powered by a variety of fuels) and electric batteries to power electric motors. Most designs combine a large electrical generator and a motor into one unit often situated between the internal combustion engine and the transmissio n replacing both the conventional starter motor and the alternator. Toyota Prius, Toyota Camry Hybrid and Honda civic hybrid has this type of engines system.4. Continuously outboard recharged electric vehicle (COREV)This is a system that enables the battery of vehicle to recharge while the user drives. When the Battery Electric vehicle (BEV) establishes contact with an electrified rail, plate or overhead wires on the highway via an attached birthing wheel, it will trigger recharging mechanism. The BEVs batteries are recharged by this process on the highway and can then be used normally on other roads until the battery is discharged.5. Hybrid fuel (dual mode)Hybrid fuel vehicle is cognise as dual mode hybrid system which uses 2 or more different devices for propulsion, meaning the engine had the ability to use another fuel source to power the system except the electricity. This system contains not only 1 fuel and electricity but also another 1 or 2 back-up fuel in the system. There are many types of hybrid fuel used in different vehicle including dual mode bus, flexible-fuel vehicles, bi-fuel vehicle, modified fuel vehicle and motorized bicycle. The fuel used in this system range from hydrocarbon chained diesel (petroleum, ethanol, indwelling gas, gasoline and biobutanol) to vegetable oil.6. Fluid power hybridHydraulic and pneumatic hybrid vehicles use an engine to charge a pressure accumulator to drive the wheels via hydraulic or pneumatic (i.e. compressed air) drive units. The energy recovery rate is higher and therefore the system is more efficient than battery charged hybrids, demonstrating a 60% to 70% increase in energy economy in EPA testing (B conveyo, 2006). Under tests through with(p) by the EPA, a hydraulic hybrid Ford Expedition re morose 32 miles per US gallon (7.4 L/100 km 38 mpg-imp) City, and 22 miles per US gallon (11 L/100 km 26 mpg-imp) highway. UPS currently has two trucks in service with this technology. (Alex, L, 2006).The system has f aster and more efficient charge/discharge cycling and is cheaper than gas-electric hybrids, the accumulator surface dictates derive energy storage capacity and requires more space than a battery. (wikipedia, 2009)Degree of HybridizationA. Full Hybrid Electric VehiclesA plentiful hybrid vehicle is the one that can run on just the engine, just the batteries or a combination of both. The Prius and Escape Hybrids are examples of this because both cars can be locomote forward on battery alone. A large, high capacity battery pack is needed for battery only operation. These vehicles have a split power path that allows more flexibility in the drive train. To balance the forces from each portion, the vehicles use a differential style linkage between the engine and the motor connected to the head end of the transmission.B. Assist Hybrid Electric VehiclesThis type of hybrids use the engine for primary power, with a torque boosting electric motor connected to the conventional power trai n. The electric motor is essentially a very large motor which operates not only when the engine needs to be turned over, but also when the driver steps throttle pedal and require extra power. Assist hybrids differ fundamentally from full hybrids in that they cannot run on electric power alone. However since the amount of power needed is very small, the size of the battery system is relatively small.C. Mild Hybrid Electric VehiclesThese are conventional vehicles with oversized starter motors allowing the engine to be turned off whenever the car is coasting, braking or stopped, yet restart quickly and cleanly. Accessories can continue to run on electrical power while the engine is off, and the motor is used for regenerative braking to recapture energy. The motor is used to run up the engine to operating fastness before injecting any fuel. Many people do not consider these to be hybrids at all, and they do not achieve the fuel economy of full hybrid models.Case study on the Proton EMA SThe first concept car, Proton EMAS, which is planned to be in production line soon (might be in 2011) makes Proton steer in front of others with the most high tech compact concept car design. This superb Electric Hybrid Car from Proton which has been designed by Italdesign and locomotive engine Technology by Lotus and soon will be produced by Proton, local car manufacturer. The name, Emas, meaning gold in Malay, is the acronym for Eco Mobility Advanced Solutions.At the eightieth edition of the Geneva International Motor show (4-14 March 2010), Italdesign Giugiaro is introducing Emas, a family of low environmental impact cars that is set to revolutionize traditional segmentation in the car market. The design, created with the Malaysian manufacturer PROTON is based on a plug-in hybrid drive system designed with Lotus Engineering and was developed with the aim of optimizing the getable on-board space and car access ergonomics. The prototype of Proton EMAS engine have different conf iguration that it might be conventional, hybrid with petrol engine, hybrid with natural gas engine or fully electric.Problem StatementInternal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles emit carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, sulphur oxides, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon through their tailpipes. These gases result in global warming through green house gas pictures and pollution which are harmful to both environment and lives. By the way, the sets of fossil fuels aliveness rising from time to time. There is a growing scientific consensus that increasing takes of greenhouse gas emissions are changing the earths climate. Oil prices continue to sky rocket engine while tougher regulations and policies on permitted exhaust gases are being instituted in major cities of the world. These and some other related issues are compelling vehicle manufacturers to come up with fuel efficient vehicles. These types of vehicles are known as hybrid electric vehicles.Nowadays, the prices of petrol are continuously increased and this non-renewable energy is in critical level of shortages. The American petroleum institute estimated in 1999, the world will be completely run out of petroleum by 2062 to 2094. So, now more and more automobile industries are introduced many type of environmental friendly and petrol efficient car to reduced the usage of petrol and diesel. The significant of hybrid vehicle are increasingly important to the environmental sustainability. The trend of owning hybrid vehicle is very popular in western rural since 1800s. However, the awareness of the green house effect to the climate change is as yet low among the Malaysian. Therefore, the hybrid vehicles until now still can not manage to gain attention of public and high market demand in Malaysia.Hybrid concept car had been introduced many years ago by Toyota Prius in Malaysia. But due to various factors, might be the expensive prices and technological problems cause the demand for this type of car is still low. Now, Pr oton launched a new series of Proton EMAS that follow hybrid concept. Will it be the next new generation wave that changes the Malaysian mindset in owning hybrid car? Since, Proton is the Malaysian owned local car manufacture, the prices of the hybrid car may lower compare to the Toyota Prius. The import tax and excise tax that applied on the stakeholder will considerably low compare to the Toyota Prius. So, will it be a better choice for Malaysian to have an environmental friendly car?Research question1, Is the introduction of the hybrid concept car to Malaysian bring a success.2. How the hybrid concept in vehicle impact the environment and sustainable development in future.2. What are the competitive advantages of the hybrid vehicle that difference from the other alternative fuels?Research Objective1. To investigate the respondents of society/public to the hybrid vehicle that had introduced.2. To survey the effectiveness of the hybrid vehicle to the environmental concern.3. To fin d out the way hybrid vehicle function correspondent to the sustainable development by comparing to other alternative fuels.Chapter 2 belles-lettres Review1) Market analysis on Hybrid vehicle1. Assessing current vehicle performance and simulating the performance of hydrogen and hybrid carsBent Sorensen, Roskilde University, Institute for Nature, Systems and Models Energy, environment and Climate group, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, DenmarkThis journal basically presented simulation study of the efficiency in transforming the energy input into transport works. The insight obtained in measure is compare with the result applying performance of fuel cell, electric vehicles and hybrid between the two. The author stated that Some people are willing to spend more money on an inefficient car than on the most efficient ones offered in the marketplace, for reasons of biased advertising and the archaic notion that less efficient cars rank higher as status symbols. (Ben Sorensen, 2006). So, it means that the authors point of view is clear to panelize the market demand on the hybrid vehicle in future.2.In the research of heather and Lester, 2002, they compare the second generation of the 1st commercial hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) the Toyota Prius, to the conventional internal combustion engine (ICE), the Toyota Corolla. They found out that the more expensive and compound Prius has lower pollution and carbon dioxide gas emission and better fuel economy than the Corolla. Besides, the Prius is not cost-effective in improving fuel economy or lowering emission. For the Prius to be more attractive, they suggest that the price of gasoline should be lower about 3 times than the present and the social value of abating tailpipe emission would have to be 14 times greater than conventional value. So, they concluded that the hybrid will not have significant sales unless fuel price raise several-ford or regulation mandated.AGREE3. Evaluation of electric motor and gasoline engine hybrid car using solar cellsK. Sasaki*, M. Yokota, H. Nagayoshi, K. KamisakoIn this paper, the service of a hybrid car equipped with a gasoline engine, an electric motor and solar cells was evaluated. Though the capacities of the electric motor and batteries are half the size compared with conventional electric vehicles, it was confirmed that this car is sufficient for practical use. The total electric energy consumed in a day can be supplied by a 1.6 kW solar array which can be easily set on the roofs of common houses or parking lots. So, they concluded as such a hybrid car must contribute to depression of the air pollution in urban areas. (K. Sasaki, 1997)4. Does the hybrid Toyota Prius lead to rebound effects? depth psychology of size and number of cars previously owned by Swiss Prius buyers Peter de Haan *, Michel G. Mueller, Anja PetersPeter D.H et al (2006) in his analysis on the hybrid rebound effect found that the Toyota Prius 2 is indeed a product that effectively c ombines fuel efficiency and the satisfaction of consumer needs, and is successful in replacing daily-use vehicles and becoming the most used car in a household. Besides, they also confirm that hybrid vehicles like the Toyota Prius indeed have a positive effect on total CO2 emissions from road transport, and that rebound effects are not yet in sight. Then, they think that financial support for the purchase of hybrid vehicles seems to be a contingent and valid environmental policy. Further progress in fuel-efficiency gains using hybrid powertrains is to be expected also.2) Hybrid function in lowering emission1. An Overview of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology, Michael O. OmoiguiIn the article, an overview of hybrid electric vehicle technology, Michael listed down variety of weakness and benefits of the hybrid vehicle to sustainable future. He also explained in details how the hybrid functions to lower emission and fuel economy. The article encapsulates factors that necessitate the d evelopment of hybrid electric vehicles, classifications of hybrid electric vehicles based on the collection of the internal combustion engine and the electric motor for traction. The types of batteries required and the use of power electronic converters for effective power processing and utilization in hybrid electric vehicle drive is covered.2. Solutions reducing green house emission from US transportation David L. Greene, OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, Andreas Schafer, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF engineering scienceIn this book, authors make the comparison between difference types of alternative fuel in term of reducing green house gases (GHG). The findings clearly showed that only hydrogen and electricity is a better alternative fuel to replaced fossil fuel in the next 15 years beyond. Although other alternative fuels could play a transition role, it is questionable whether the associated high investments and limited GHG emission simplification potential would justify large-sca le shifts to any of these fuels.3. Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles wad 1 Nationwide Greenhouse Gas Emissions, report, July 2007In the report, the EPRI team aims to examine the greenhouse gas emissions and air quality impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). The purpose of the course is to evaluate the nationwide environmental impacts of potentially large numbers of PHEVs over a time period of 2010 to 2050. The analysis showed the PHEVs adoption results in significant reduction in the consumption of petroleum fuels. They stated that in the Medium PHEV case, fuel savings were equivalent to 3.7 million barrels per day by 2050.4.Government legislations on hybrid transportation5. Malaysia Master Tax Guide 2009, 26th ed,, Veerinderjeet, S. Teoh B.K.6. Policy instruments for environmental and natural resource management. Thomas SternerMalaysian tax guide schooling stated that for application received by the ministry of finance from 30 August 2008 to 31 December 2010, franchise holder of hybrid car are presumptuousness 100% exemption of import duty and 50% of exemption of excise duty for the new completely build-up (CBU) hybrid car subjected to certain criteria and condition. (Veerinderjeet, S. Teoh B.K., 2009). In condition, country like United State tightening standard of emission rate by Clean Air Act. By the way, in 1990, California Air Resources circuit board (CARB) adopted a visionary scheme to progressively reduce emission requirement. This government reinforcement had successfully forced manufactures to sell vehicle that fulfill environmental criteria. (Thomas S.)Chapter 3 MethodologyThis research will conduct by using secondary sources collection, questionnaires and direct interviews to public and suppliers.3.1 Secondary sources collectionThe main method of company information for this research is by collecting and analyzing secondary sources. Library searching is one of the ways to look for the books, journals, articles, media and press released, and so on. Besides, website (official website of Proton) and online databases (science world, science direct) also will be use to search for updated data.3.2 QuestionnairesAnother way to find information for this research will be by surveying on the public stall on the hybrid vehicle in various terms includes the performance, eco-friendly characteristics, cost effectiveness, petrol saving and so on. This will be done by loose questionnaires to the 100 selected people in UM includes students, lecturers, and staff. Then, the answer will be the quantitative data after analyzed and computed into figures and data.3.3 InterviewInterview will be done in 2 alternative ways to gather public opinions on the hybrid vehicle that had introduced. 1 is done to the selected society/public that play role to impact the car ownership decision. By interviewing, the factors that influent drivers to own a car will be found. So, the market demand for the hybrid car an d the viewpoint of the public to the hybrid car will also revise.Then, another way of interview will be done with the Proton manufacturer, Proton Holding Sdn Bhd to get 1st hand information on the Proton EMAS car. However, this can only carry out with approval from the Proton behalf and act as a supportive way to the other research methods. By comparing both the viewpoints of the supplier and public may lead to different decision making on choice of car to be own in future.Research LimitationThe limitation of the research will be focus mostly on the Malaysian viewpoint about the new concept car, Proton EMAS.A lot of problem will be face along the time doing a research. One of the obstacles for me to do this research is difficulty in finding materials about the hybrid vehicle in Malaysia. Since the concept are still new and strange to Malaysian society. So, not much of the information I got regarding this 1st concept car in Malaysia. The way I do is I try to substrate some news from the press or website.Moreover, the new Proton EMAS now still in stage of prototype and not yet can be found in the market in Malaysia. Society are also no much awareness to this type of car will be launched soon locally. So it is quite problematic to do research on this topic. Besides, the knowledge of how the vehicles hybrid system to function in reducing emission is rare and unknown for the Malaysian. That is why the question should be set according to the society common known without using heavy word or scientific term in questionnaires.Due to the difficulty in transportation problem, the survey will only conduct in University of Malaya. The world includes student, lecturers, and staffs which act as a sample of actual society in Malaysia. However, the result will only show a population size of around 100 people in UM which may be bias toward the actual condition.1. http//green.autoblog.com/2006/06/15/capturing-the-power-of-hydraulics, Bruno V, 15 June 20062. http//www.autoblog.c om/2006/06/26/epa-unveils-hydraulic-hybrid-ups-delivery-truck , Alex, L., 26 June 2006Colour register locationRed hybrid technologyPurple wikipediaYellow toyota vs corollaBrown hybrid performancePink solar hybrid cell